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A friend function of a class is defined outside that class' scope but it has the right to access all private and protected members of the class. Even though the prototypes for friend functions appear in the class definition, friends are not member functions.

A friend can be a function, function template, or member function, or a class or class template, in which case the entire class and all of its members are friends.

To declare a function as a friend of a class, precede the function prototype in the class definition with keyword friend as follows −

To declare all member functions of class ClassTwo as friends of class ClassOne, place a following declaration in the definition of class ClassOne −

Consider the following program −

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −

The friend declaration appears in a class body and grants a function or another class access to private and protected members of the class where the friend declaration appears.

[edit]Syntax

[edit]Description

[edit]Notes

Friendship is not transitive (a friend of your friend is not your friend).

Friendship is not inherited (your friend's children are not your friends).

Storage class specifiers are not allowed in friend function declarations. A function that is defined in the friend declaration has external linkage, a function that was previously defined, keeps the linkage it was defined with.

Access specifiers have no effect on the meaning of friend declarations (they can appear in private: or in public: sections, with no difference).

A friend class declaration cannot define a new class (friendclass X {}; is an error).

When a local class declares an unqualified function or class as a friend, only functions and classes in the innermost non-class scope are looked up, not the global functions:

A name first declared in a friend declaration within a class or class template X becomes a member of the innermost enclosing namespace of X, but is not visible for lookup (except argument-dependent lookup that considers X) unless a matching declaration at the namespace scope is provided - see namespaces for details.

[edit]Template friends

Both function template and class template declarations may appear with the friend specifier in any non-local class or class template (although only function templates may be defined within the class or class template that is granting friendship). In this case, every specialization of the template becomes a friend, whether it is implicitly instantiated, partially specialized, or explicitly specialized.

Friend declarations cannot refer to partial specializations, but can refer to full specializations:

When a friend declaration refers to a full specialization of a function template, the keyword inline and default arguments cannot be used.

A template friend declaration can name a member of a class template A, which can be either a member function or a member type (the type must use elaborated-type-specifier). Such declaration is only well-formed if the last component in its nested-name-specifier (the name to the left of the last ::) is a simple-template-id (template name followed by argument list in angle brackets) that names the class template. The template parameters of such template friend declaration must be deducible from the simple-template-id.

In this case, the member of any specialization of A becomes a friend. This does not involve instantiating the primary template A: the only requirements are that the deduction of the template parameters of A from that specialization succeeds, and that substitution of the deduced template arguments into the friend declaration produces a declaration that would be a valid redeclaration of the member of the specialization:

[edit]Template friend operators

A common use case for template friends is declaration of a non-member operator overload that acts on a class template, e.g. operator<<(std::ostream&, const Foo<T>&) for some user-defined Foo<T>

Such operator can be defined in the class body, which has the effect of generating a separate non-template operator<< for each T and makes that non-template operator<< a friend of its Foo<T>

Output:

or the function template has to be declared as a template before the class body, in which case the friend declaration within Foo<T> can refer to the full specialization of operator<< for its T:

[edit]Example

stream insertion and extraction operators are often declared as non-member friends

Output:

[edit]Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

[edit]References

• C++11 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:2011):

• 11.3 Friends [class.friend]

• 14.5.4 Friends [temp.friend]

• C++98 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:1998):

• 11.3 Friends [class.friend]

• 14.5.3 Friends [temp.friend]

[edit]See also

Friend Of Friends 5sos

Friendship Site